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Big Updates Versus Small Updates
We're now six years into the Z System, and a number of cameras have had updates. One thing that gets mentioned almost as a throwaway after each update are statements such as "not much of an upgrade" versus "upgrade makes a big difference."
It's worth taking a moment to consider what Nikon has done in moving the Z System forward, and being more specific about the different progress that has been made for each model. Let's take it camera by camera, starting with DX:
- Z50 to Z50II — This was a massive change, and deserves more respect. The Z50 went from being a somewhat likable, feature limited camera with a lot of small annoyances, to being the most well-rounded and performance-capable camera anywhere near its price point. Customization and controllability got better, focus got way better, video got better, frame rates got better, features got better and extended, plus even the small tweaks to what's shown in the EVF help the camera, too. When Nikon does a job like this, they should be applauded at the standing ovation level, not just a bunch "yeah, buts..." Big win.
- Zfc — No changes yet.
- Z30 — No changes yet. One could say that the Z30 was a Z50 with a very modest update and an EVF removal. Now that we have the Z50II you can see just how modest the Z30 update really was: extremely. No applause necessary ;~).
Up until the Z50II it seemed that Nikon wasn't all that serious about DX. The Z50 was a low-end placeholder, the Zfc was a way to disguise almost no upgrade work being done by putting that in a legacy-design body and creating an update that catered to nostalgia. The Z30 was really a way of disguising that same modest update as something that would instead appeal to "creators." The Z50II seems to put that to an end, unless by creator you mean someone who never uses an EVF and just wants a smaller camera (and is willing to suffer considerable consequences in doing so).
Personally, I don't think the Zfc needs an update, but a Z30II incorporating the Z50II changes would be a very useful product, particularly at the price point. The problem for DX now is starting to be the one we've had since 2007: it needs more lens support. I don't care whether that comes from Nikon or third parties, but particularly with zoom lenses we have a number of missing lens components now.
Moving to FX we see:
- Z5 — No changes yet, though pretty clear indications that it is next for the EXPEED7 makeover (see next article). Will Nikon do what they did with the Z50II? Let's hope so. But given that the Z5 lives at the bottom of the FX price chain and really needs to sell at US$1000 at times, the temptation for Nikon to strip something down will be high.
- Z6 to Z6II — While the list of changes was actually fairly long in this update—I identified over two dozen in my review—most of these had minimal impact on how good a camera it was. Quite a few seemed to be just addressing something that didn't get done in the original model, as opposed to truly extending performance or feature set. This led to a lot of grumbling and dissatisfaction among the Zsumers, though most eventually came to the conclusion that the Z6II was indeed preferred over the Z6; it just wasn't a dollar-worthy upgrade.
- Z6II to Z6III — A substantive change that improves virtually all the questionable aspects of the II model. That's "marred" by one small thing: some modest reduction of dynamic range at the lower ISO levels. Some might also include a bit of rolling shutter in electronic shutter mode, but both of these things are not likely to be a detriment to someone who understands the camera well. The Z9-level features really do improve the overall operability of this model to the point where it's probably all the camera that most people really need. Major win.
- Z7 to Z7II — Same thing as with the Z6: no performance or feature set extension that made a clear difference, but a lot of small things that made for a slightly better camera. Not worth paying for the upgrade, but it did make those coming into the system for the first time to a Z7II feel a little better about it.
- Z8 — Surprisingly, firmware 2.00 made changes that were well worth getting, and it did it for free. (I'll deal with that more in the Z9 section, next.) Significant win.
- Z9 — Nikon's biggest surprise of all. When you think about it, the Z9 basically "fixed" all the Z7/Z7II complaints in spades with its initial iteration. I took a preproduction Z9 and a Z7II to Africa and almost never picked up the Z7II, as it was such a downgrade. So some might say the Z9 was a pro-level, massive upgrade of the Z7II. But wait, there's more. As in firmware 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, and eventually 5.0. Every one of those major number upgrades simply made an already excellent camera clearly better. What became evident over time is that the Z9 was actually rushed to market (yet still beat the competition up), even though the engineering team still had significant work left to do on it, which they eventually completed. Funny thing is, I don't think they're done, though I now expect firmware 6.0 will more likely be the Z9II. Big win.
- Zf — A substantive update to the Zfc ;~). One reason why I don't have strong hopes for a ZfcII any time soon is that the Zf was really the update. Not only did the Zf get the Z9-initiated EXPEED7 goodies, but there are small differences to how Nikon tackled the legacy body ideas, too. Coupled with a better FX sensor and EVF and all that entails, the Zf became the ultimate retro-style camera, and I don't think Nikon needs two of those. Significant win.
Looking back at Nikon's whole mirrorless history, it now seems clear that there were three turning points: (1) Nikon 1 pioneering on-sensor PDAF and WYSIWIG EVF; (2) Z6/Z7 generation maturing the Nikon 1 technologies into the mainstream ILC market; and (3) EXPEED7 then pushing Nikon's in-camera capabilities to new abilities and extremes. No fourth turning point is on the radar at the moment, but given that there are usually long periods before each major shift, that's not surprising. That actually describes Nikon engineering's modus operandi over many decades: every four or eight years deploy clearly new technology at the top, then work it down through the lineup.
Some are predicting EXPEED8 is on the near horizon (because EXPEED7 is four years old). I'm not so sure about that as it would be a huge R&D investment right on the heels of EXPEED7, and that's not very Nikon-like. My expectations would instead be that they instead turn to a helper chip, not a new base processor. We've already seen that idea from Sony with their AI processing unit. Moreover, the split data stream Z8/Z9 cameras should be well suited to multi-chip upgrades. Which has me predicting an add-on chip for the Z8/Z9 updates when we get them, and then EXPEED8 integrating that and more for the eventual other model updates. But I could be wrong; maybe Nikon saw a need to push EXPEED updates faster. The reason why I doubt this, though, is that they haven't yet taken full advantage of EXPEED7's capabilities.
As I write this, the "un-upgraded" models are: Zfc, Z30, Z5, and Z7II. I expect the Z5II shortly, leaving Nikon with only three un-upgraded models (the Z8 and Z9 were upgraded via firmware). And to my overall point, we've gotten three substantive upgrades this round already: Z50 to Z50II, Zfc to Zf, and Z6II to Z6III. Nikon's current lineup is pretty strong at the moment, and only going to get stronger.
What’s Next for Z?
It’s been four months since our last Z camera introduction. Thus, the rumors and conjectures are flying again. My you’re an impatient lot. I'm seeing swirling and near viral rumors about potential Z30II, ZfcII, Z7III, Z9II, Zv, and even ZfR models.
While most of the current rumors are not credible, the one that I most believe and is likely to be the next Z System camera revolves around the Z5. Now approaching its fifth birthday, the Z5 has been a solid performer for Nikon, and needs to continue to cement the bottom of the full frame lineup for as long as possible. One important thing to note, the Z5 uses the front-side illumination (FSI) image sensor that’s now thirteen years old, and not any of the more current back-side illumination (BSI) 24mp sensors (Z6II, Zf, Z6III).
Since Nikon has worked its way mostly down from the top in introducing EXPEED7—Z9, Z8, Zf, Z6III, Z50II—it stands to reason that they’ll continue this practice and eventually address the entire permanent lineup, including the Z5. The tricky part for Nikon is that with six FX cameras and three DX cameras, they have a bit of a logjam happening where they need to be careful to keep both the pricing and feature sets rationalized.
For a Z5II to work in the current lineup and keep its price point intact, it needs to be BSI 24mp, EXPEED7, and nothing more. It’s not likely to have a new shutter, new EVF, move to CFe cards, or other Z6III-like additions. It’s possible that Nikon might move from a tilting Rear LCD to an articulating one, but I doubt that they would up the dot count because of cost. A Z5II is almost certainly going to be mostly a Zf’s internal digital bits in a Z5-like body. And that requires BSI 24mp and EXPEED7.
I was a bit surprised when the original Z5 was announced. The only real cripple points from a Z6 were (1) the FSI instead of BSI sensor, (2) a 1.04m dot Rear LCD, about half the capability of the Z6’s, (3) lower frame rates, and (4) a less sophisticated shutter. Video specs were lower primarily due to the image sensor. For the most part, you got most of a Z6 at a lower price when you bought a Z5.
That’s going to be the mantra for the Z5II, too: the Z5II should be most of a Z6III at a lower price.
Again, Nikon has a pretty clear way to accomplish that. The Zf image sensor and EXPEED7 and all that brings “for free” would be the center of all Z5II improvements. On the other hand, Nikon would likely stay with the current shutter, Rear LCD, EVF, SD cards, and so on. Perhaps they'd change the body build to match the Z6III design in order to conform with the new manufacturing processes they have in place. I’d bet we get a Picture Controls button on the top plate, just like the Z50II, but no other new controls. Controls would also move to the current Z9-generation locations (which is really just button name swaps).
Anything more than the previous paragraph starts to become a problem. First, Nikon really wants to continue to sell Zf’s and Z6III’s, so a Z5II can’t encroach too much in terms of build quality, features, and performance of either. But more important, the original Z5 has been holding down the “best entry level full frame camera” position for quite some time. So it really has to stay at the US$1499 suggested list price, and it needs to be able to withstand deep discounting over time. Adding too much to a Z5II would be counterproductive to both those things.
The good news is that the Zf image sensor and EXPEED7, all by themselves, would give a Z5II better video, a larger and better feature set, and most importantly, better autofocus. The thing I’ll be looking at is whether Nikon prunes some EXPEED7 features in a Z5II, such as Pixel-shift shooting. I hope they don’t. It was the fact that Nikon didn’t neuter Z6 features in the original Z5 that made it a hit.
Which brings us to the “when” question. This is a little tricky, as Nikon’s fiscal year ends on March 31st, and they’re going to want something new shipping in their upcoming first quarter to jumpstart their next fiscal year sales. Nikon tends to report their fiscal year results in the second week of May, and they prefer to introduce any new products during that time frame in conjunction with the financial meetings, as it allows them to not only wrangle the business press for more time together, but also helps them clarify where their next fiscal year predictions are coming from. So, my original bet on the Z5II launch point was “sometime in early-to-mid May.” That would also give NikonUSA a chance to have big presentations and finished cameras ready to sell at B&H’s Bild show the following month.
However, as the rumor sites are now suggesting, I too am hearing that Nikon may have moved up the Z5II target date to an April launch (likely late April). Nikon is going to want to get some significant new product sales in before their next Q1 ends June 30th, so if the Z5II is indeed next, it needs to ship in May. Add in a lens or two—I’m hearing companions to the 24-50mm f/4-6.3 compact zoom are coming, and that would fit nicely with the Z5II though I don't know if they'll be announced at the same time—and Nikon would get a jump start on their next year’s total sales growth.
So in answer to this article’s headline: Z5II, and sometime this spring. Maybe a supporting lens or two.
Z8 and Z6III Get Firmware Updates
Nikon today introduced Z8 firmware 2.10 and Z6III firmware 1.10. While some are calling these "major updates," note the numbering. Nikon's true major updates are a change to the number on the left of the dot. So before we deal with what's in these updates, let's make sure to correctly identify Nikon engineering's pattern of numbering:
- X.## — When X to the left of the dot changes, that's a truly major update, generally introducing significant high level features.
- #.X# — When the X immediately to the right of the dot changes, that indicates that there are feature additions and changes. Often this has to do with an existing feature, where something is added or changed. Sometimes it has to do with a new accessory (in this case power zoom lenses).
- #.#X — If the X that changes at the end of the number, that generally indicates bug and performance fixes.
Note that each level of update can also contain things in the lower levels.
While Nikon hasn't been 100% perfect with the above, I know from interviews that the above is their internally stated goal.
Okay, now on to the Z8 2.10 firmware. The feature additions and changes here have to do with video and controls for it:
- Hi-Res Zoom is now available when Imaging area is set to DX.
- #G10 was added to include Power/Hi-Res Zoom collaboration. This allows for a continuous zoom that starts with a power zoom lens optically zooming and continues seamlessly with Hi-Res Zoom when the maximum optical focal length is reached. This feature first appeared on the Z50II.
- #G13 added Shutter mode to the list of options.
- #G15 added Zebra pattern color to the list of options.
- #G18 added options for Brightness information display.
- PHOTO SHOOTING and VIDEO RECORDING modes can be set individually in the bank system. (I don't like the way this option was done; it basically is a kludge until they do it right ;~)
- #F2 and #G2 add an option for Save and load power zoom position.
- #F10 adds Zoom ring control (PZ lens).
- #F11 and #G9 is now Assign power zoom (two consolidated power zoom features).
- Power zoom speed (zoom buttons) can be added to #F1 and #G1.
A number of bugs and performance issues were addressed, including buffer capacity changes that shouldn't happen, a lockup that happened during burst photography, a problem with Auto capture not starting properly, an ATOMOS AirGlu BT connectivity bug, and the fact that sometimes the camera could create images that wouldn't respond to i > Retouch.
The Z6III 1.10 firmware basically provides the same feature additions and changes, though Custom Setting numbering is different than for the Z8 as the two cameras each have some features the other doesn't. The big news in the Z6III firmware update has to do with bug/performance fixes:
- The noise jitter described by Horshack on dpreview has been addressed. It isn't 100% gone, but in terms of visibility, it is. One thing I had noticed is that the jitter was really in the Green/Magenta levels, and high ISO video on the Z6III with the new firmware seems to not run to a slight green tint as did the earlier version. Whatever Nikon did seems to have also addressed color shift at high ISO.
- A number of "video stopped prematurely" problems were identified and addressed. One big one was sometimes an N-RAW video would end abruptly and not record to the card.
- Audio noise for non-powered microphones set manually was addressed.
- When using a Micro-Nikkor lens on a tripod with Electronic VR active, the image would jitter. Now fixed.
- Other more esoteric or minor problems were addressed.
Curiously, the Z8 firmware does not include support for Flexible Picture Controls or Nikon Imaging Cloud. Frankly, that's a big miss by Nikon, and needs to be addressed.
Zeiss Returns With Otus
Zeiss today woke up from a long slumber—their last lens was introduced in 2019—to introduce two new lenses for mirrorless cameras, the 50mm f/1.4 Otus, and 85mm f/1.4 Otus. These new manual focus lenses are available in the Z-mount, as well as the Canon RF and Sony FE mounts. Prices are US$2500 and US$3000, respectively, so not inexpensive for manual focus lenses. As usual, Zeiss is using Distagon/Sonnar optical designs.
Commentary: It's going to be interesting to see how well these lenses fare against the Chinese onslaught of primes. That may be one reason Zeiss opted to do whatever it took to get an RF mount license, as RF is still moated against the Chinese optic makers (and most Japanese, for that matter).
I am amused by the lengths that Zeiss went to in order to explain why a manual focus lens is relevant these days. For instance: "in low light conditions by manually adjusting focus one can have more control...and achieve sharpness exactly where they want."
Or perhaps: "Some photographers simply prefer the tactile experience and control that comes with manual focusing." While it was true that the early mirrorless cameras and lenses tended to not have fine user control over focus with their fly-by-wire systems, when Zeiss was taking their long nap that changed. With my f/1.2 Nikkors, for instance, it's auto subject detect to the eye, roll focus if I want it slightly fore or aft, and I not only feel in full control of that with my camera set properly, but have things like magnification and focus peaking at fingertip control, as well. I'm unclear how Zeiss thinks that will be different than what they provide.
The good news, at least for the Nikon Z-mount versions, is that recent cameras can even subject detect in manual focus, plus the full set of examination tools is available on a lens that supplies information to the camera, as do these new Oti.
It's nice that we once again have Zeiss in the lens market, but it feels like it's too little effort way too late to make a tangible difference. Back when the DSLR Otus lenses came out, they shined as examples of well disciplined, sharp, lenses. The 55mm f/1.4 ran rings around all the Nikkor F-mount lenses. Today in the Z-mount, we have three pretty incredible 50mm Nikkors and a pair of 85's. I'm betting that the f/1.2 Nikkors out Otus the new Oti.
It's Z50II Day!

Today I've posted my complete review of the Nikon Z50II camera. In a few words: it's the best camera you can buy at its price point. Indeed, I've given it my Highly Recommended rating, which puts in the minority in Nikon's lineup.
In a few more words targeted to embarrass my friends at dpreview who need better copy editors: it is a baby Z9 generation camera. To be clear, babies have some limitations compared to adults, and that's exactly where the Z50II isn't a Z9: the Z50II has limitations the Z8 and Z9 don't, and even some that the Z6III doesn't. The real question you have to answer is whether you can live with those limitations. I hope my review helps you answer that question.
Meanwhile, today I've also published my Complete Guide to the Nikon Z50II. Because the Z50II is a complex camera, this book is several hundred pages longer than the one for the original Z50. It takes me a bit of time to work through new cameras and get my guides right because Nikon has this silly habit of making idiotic small changes that make no sense. For instance, why does the Z50II have Cycle AF-area mode assignable to a button when the Z6III doesn't? Finding and documenting all the little things that Nikon keeps fiddling with and tweaking is a time-consuming and exhausting process. And 100% unpredictable, too, as Nikon's small changes always seem random to me.
Apple Woefully Behind on RAW support
Apple's updated the raw file support for iOS, iPadOS, and macOS this month. Unfortunately, they still haven't caught up with High efficiency raw (Zf, Z8, Z9), but they also haven't caught up to the Z50II or Z6III at all. Even an intern shouldn't have taken eight months to support Lossless compressed on a Z6III. Heck, I bet they could even do it in three months (Z50II).
If you want to see the full list of currently supported raw formats, click here.
What's the Difference Between "Cine" and "Video"?
It appears that site after site is using the phrase "Nikon's first Cine lens" to describe the just introduced 28-135mm f/4 PZ lens. My Hollywood friends are saying Nyet to that. I agree. I'd call the new lens a sophisticated Video lens.
Lens for still cameras can skip a number of attributes that videographers and cinematographers value, and even among those latter two groups there are differences in opinion about what's necessary in a lens. So let me explain:
Beyond the attributes we'd associate with a still lens, here's how I see the differences:
- Video lens adds:
- little or no focus breathing
- power zoom capabilities, including speeds
- Cine lens adds to the Video lens attributes:
- T-stop aperture specificity
- parfocal (focus stays the same during zoom)
- Does not change size in any way during zoom or focus (internal zoom, internal focus)
- clear focus marking
- 0.8 MOD gearing on all rings
The 28-135mm f/4 PZ fits into those things this way:
- Has little or no focus breathing
- Has power zoom, including speed control
- Does not have t/stop specification, so harder to integrate with other lens use on set
- Is only partially parfocal (from 55-135mm)
- Doesn't change size during zoom or focus
- Has no focus markings
- Does not have 0.8 MOD gear rings (though Nikon has shown someone's slip on addition to provide this)
Hollywood isn't going to see the 28-135mm f/4 PZ as a "Cine lens," therefore. If Nikon really wants to move RED (and themselves) forward in the high-end world, Nikon will eventually need to either supply or associate itself with a set of real Cine lenses.
Another thing to note in all the discussion is that the Raptor-X is an 8K video camera that plays more to the cine crowd, while the Komodo-X is a 6K video crowd that is more attractive to the run-and-gun video crowd. However, note that the Komodo-X is a Super35 sensor camera, which is essentially APS-C or DX, so on the Komodo-X the new lens is effectively something closer to a 42-210mm f/4 lens.
The way I look at all this is "it's a start." Nikon and RED still have a great deal to work out before the full synergy of their products will be demonstrated.
I'll say this: from the standpoint of a wildlife photographer who goes deep into the wilds, the Komodo-X would be an excellent option now, as I could standardize lenses between both my still and video gear. If I were still supplying footage to the big animal shows, I'd be 100% on top of both the new Komodo-X and the new lens.
Nikon announces the 28-135mm f/4 PZ Lens
Nikon today officially announced the 28-135mm f/4 PZ lens, their first video-oriented lens for full frame Z-mount cameras. The only real surprise in the details was the fact that you can combine the physical zoom and Hi-res zoom for a continuous 28-270mm zoom effect. Zooming can be done at 11 speeds, and from the camera controls, NX Tether, NX Field, or SnapBridge. The supplied, squarish lens hood has an opening for adjusting filters with the hood in place. Price will be US$2600, and the lens will be available in April.
Nikon's press release also mentions that this new lens will be available in a bundle with the new RED Komodo-X Z-mount camera. Which brings us to this: RED today announced the Komodo-X Z-mount 6K as well as the V-RAPTOR [X] VV Z-mount camera. Both cameras autofocus with Z-mount lenses.
New Option for Dealing With N-RAW Video
Not only a new option, but an option from Nikon themselves. Okay, not exactly Nikon, but RED (owned by Nikon).
REDCINE-X PRO is an intermediary software product that is tasked with handling RED RAW, and now Nikon N-RAW, files. Up to this point, really only Blackmagic Design's DaVinci Resolve could handle files such as the 8K N-RAW the Z8/Z9 produces. DaVinci Resolve is a bit of a kitchen sink though, in that it has ingest, codec, grading, editing, and a host of other features all thrown into it. It's a big learning sink if you haven't been using it before. When the Z9 came out with 8K N-RAW, those that were using Final Cut Pro or Premiere found themselves without any N-RAW support initially, and eventually ended up using DaVinci Resolve, with all the hassles of trying to understand one of the world's most complex software products.
Ironically, RED had the same issue that Nikon faced: if you created RED RAW files, how did you edit them? REDCINE-X PRO was the answer: it allows you to grade and transcode RED RAW (and now Nikon N-RAW) files before sending them to your video editor of choice in a format they understand. That's why I used the term "intermediary" above: REDCINE-X PRO gets added to the workflow process between your ingest and your editing.
What doesn't still seem to be enabled for N-RAW in REDCINE-X PRO is the ability to offload/transfer files from camera to computer directly (i.e. ingest). However, once you have a clip in REDCINE-X PRO there's a lot you can do with it, including frame rate overrides, pixel masking, syncing of audio, and much more than just basic image grading. Typically you'd export your work in Apple ProRes to your video editor of choice afterwards.
Bottom line, Nikon users now have a second free way of dealing with the N-RAW video that they create. If you're interested in more, go to the REDCINE-X PRO documentation page.
Speaking of .NEV files, I've added a new page on this site listing the file extensions for files you can find on your card after using them in a Z System camera.
Road Map Bingo is Now Complete
Nikon today announced the long-awaited 35mm f/1.2 S, the last lens from the now historical Nikkor Lens Road Map. We hope you've been saving up, as the list price on this new wide wizard is US$2800 (magic wand not included).
The lens is pretty much as you might expect: S-level attention as well as attempting to make a bold statement about just how good a Z-mount prime can be. You can see that both from just the spec sheet (3 aspherical, 3 ED, and one combined element), as well as Nikon's own press release wording: "...perfect combination of sharpness and atmosphere. Soft, delicate organic textures, such as skin and hair, are rendered with a natural authenticity, while reflective objects like jewelry are sharp and free of distracting color aberrations." In other words, sharp, with well-behaved bokeh.
The penalty for pushing the optical capabilities upwards—besides price—is a relatively large, heavy lens for the focal length. Let me put that into perspective:
f/1.8 | f/1.4 | f/1.2 | |
---|---|---|---|
length | 3.4" | 3.5" | 5.9" |
diameter | 2.9" | 3" | 3.5" |
weight | 13.1 ounces | 14.7 ounces | 37.4 ounces |
Thus, you have to really need all the qualities that this new lens provides, or else you may be better served by one of the other models.
At this point we know 41 of the 50 lenses Nikon was promising in the Z mount (the 28-135mm f/4 PZ S is a development announcement, but should appear soon). One might guess an 85mm f/1.4 to round out the intermediate prime set, but beyond that it's anyone's guess as to what's next. (It was pointed out to me that Nikon might "count" differently than me—I'm sure they do—and that the recently published Lens Chart shows 46 "lenses"—two of which are SE duplicates and two of which are teleconverters.)
Along with the 35mm f/1.2 S Nikon also announced the Coolpix P1100. Effectively, this is the EU-friendly version of the P1000, as about the only physical change is that a USB-C connection is now used. While many of us were hoping Nikon would bring their superzoom compact into the EXPEED7 era and all that provides, that didn't happen. I can only spot a small handful of minor changes from the P1000 to the P1100 in the menus. It doesn't look like a full team effort went into updating that camera, but rather a very small team was likely used temporarily to just address a few things. Pity.
Thing is, the P950 is still my favorite of these superzoom bridge cameras. While the P1000—and now P1100—take the lens and a few other things up a notch, the usability suffers some once you try to hold 3000mm on small subjects using contrast detect focus and a modest lens-based VR.
Let's Play the Telephoto Game

It's a constant question, and particularly for me since I teach wildlife photography workshops: what Z-mount long telephoto lens should I get?
Buried in that question are three factors that need to be considered: (1) budget; (2) quality; and (3) handling (size/weight). I constantly get the "yeah I'd get that except for X" response to my suggestions, and X tends to always be #1, #2, or #3.
So let me try a different approach. You need something that gets you to 400mm, 500mm, or 600mm. We'll look at just those options. Why? Because if you don't need at least 400mm, you're not playing the game (;~), and if you need more than 600mm, then you don't currently have many choices that don't involve a teleconverter.
I'm going to tackle this by splitting the lenses into three budget groups: inexpensive, moderately priced, and expensive. I'll use list prices, even though we have some fairly hefty discounts in play at the moment. I'll also put the lenses in price order.
Here goes:
Inexpensive
- Tamron 150-500mm f/5-6.7 VC — US$1200. On the large side, a little slower than most Nikkor options, optically very good (review coming).
- Tamron 50-400mm f/4.5-6.3 VC — US$1300. More compact travel size, optically excellent, focuses close (review coming).
- Nikon 28-400mm f/4-8 VR — US$1300. Smallest of the bunch for travel, but slowest of the lenses; surprisingly good optics, though you border on diffraction impacts and have to watch shutter speeds/camera handling at 400mm.
- Nikon 180-600mm f/5.6-6.3 VR — US$1900. On the large side, no real extra controls, with arguably best in class optics at 400mm.
- Nikon 100-400mm f/4.5-5.6 VR S — US$2700. Now you see why I down-graded my recommendation from Highly Recommended to just Recommended: Nice size, with good extra controls, but doesn't provide better optics for the extra money. Does focus close, though.
Moderately Priced
- 400mm f/4.5 VR S — US$3300. If you can live with the fixed focal length, this lens has almost everything: compact and light, excellent controls, reasonably fast aperture, and excellent optics.
- 600mm f/6.3 VR S — US$4800. Compact and light for the focal length, excellent controls, and excellent optics.
Expensive
- 400mm f/2.8 TC VR S — US$14000. Big and heavy (in comparison to above), but top-of-the-line at everything else. Best optical choice, and clearly so. Built-in teleconverter is a huge sweetener.
- 600mm f/4 TC VR S — US$15500. Big and heavy (in comparison to above), but top-of-the-line at everything else. Best optical choice, and clearly so. Built-in teleconverter is a huge sweetener.
So here's my advice:
- Choose in the highest budget class you can afford.
- Within that class, consider only the focal length you truly need.
- Pick the best lens optically, or pick the smallest/lightest lens; there is no "both."
Here's where I'll get pushback: "but Thom, I need a zoom." Great, then you've picked the Inexpensive class of lenses, so just pick the best one for you. Right now that's likely to be the Tamron 50-400mm, Nikon 180-600mm, or Nikon 100-400mm.
"But Thom, how does it handle teleconverters?" Oh, you picked the Moderately Priced group, then, as the Inexpensive lenses either don't support a teleconverter or don't do so well with them. Good news: Both the 400mm f/4.5 and 600mm f/6.3 work really nicely with the Nikon 1.4x teleconverter.
"But Thom, I can't afford the expensive TC lenses and I seek the best." You once again picked the Moderately Priced group ;~). You'd be surprised at how well those two moderately priced lenses do. Yes, you've lost some light gathering and background separation. If you need more of those things than the 400mm f/4.5 and 600mm f/6.3 provide, well, by definition you've put yourself in the "price of a decent used car" territory. Rent the lens if you don't need it all the time. Or start saving up for it.
Now, with that said, I can say I've used every one of the above options at one time or another, and I've been pleased with the results. As I've noted before, the Tamron 50-400mm or the Nikon 28-400mm are excellent long telephoto choices with a Z50II. Surprisingly excellent.
You can get yourself all tied in knots by trying to analyze every last nuance and come up with the "best" solution. I'd defy you to tell me which lens I used on any image I've taken with all the above. We live in a world of Very Good Choices. Choose wisely.
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So, did you figure out what lens I used on the above image? Hint: it wasn't my usual 400mm f/2.8 TC VR S.
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Bonus: Just before I posted this article I noticed a couple of comparisons in Internet fora that try to get to "what looks best" between some long telephoto lens choices. This is far trickier than you might think. For instance:
- Between best case (f/2.8) and worst case (f/8), there's a potential for three stops slower shutter speed (or higher ISO). Longer shutter speeds will tend to alias edges compared to higher ones. Higher ISO values will put noise into the mix, and noise reduction may not produce strong edges.
- Likewise, body can make a difference: a Z50II doesn't have sensor VR and thus also doesn't have Synchro VR. Like the previous item, this can begin aliasing edges if you haven't nailed handling and shutter speed.
- Comparing the same final cropped size of an animal between 400mm and 600mm will tend to always make the 400mm lens look worse.
- At 20mp DX and 45mp FX, f/8 is right at the diffraction impact start. While I don't generally call that "diffraction limited" I almost always measure a lower overall MTF at f/8 than I do at f/6.3 with these telephoto lenses. Note that even a 1.4x teleconverter puts you beyond f/8 with f/6.3 lenses.
- The inexpensive lenses all have a tendency to lose some overall contrast maxed out (aperture, focal length) compared to the more expensive ones. Careful post processing can help make an inexpensive lens perform visually better.
In case you haven't figured it out, Step #1 is a critical one. If all you can afford is the inexpensive class, you're going to be compromising in some way.
Waiting for Zf Godot
I see quite a few people speculating on a ZfII lately. Such a model isn't likely any time soon, so let me explain why.
The Zf is already a Z9-generation camera. That means it has EXPEED7 and all the goodness that comes with that. Indeed, the Zf has some features, such as HEIF and Pixel shift shooting, that haven't even made it into the Z9 yet. It seems unlikely that Nikon would continue to advance EXPEED7 software features in the Zf first. That just puts the Z6III, Z8, and Z9 cameras in jeopardy, and forces updates of firmware upwards rather than in the downward fashion Nikon prefers.
Thus, the only way that makes sense for a ZfII is to change hardware in some fashion. And there we have a couple of issues. First, the image sensor. Yes, you could move the Zf to the Z6III partially-stacked sensor, but then you're undermining the Z6III. Essentially you'd be saying to users "pay US$500 less but you get a retro style body." The whole notion of selling the same basic inside at a lower price doesn't make a lot of sense to me. It's also a marketing nightmare.
Some suggest putting the Z7II image sensor in the camera and calling it a ZfII. Okay, that sort of works, given that you'd charge more for it, but now you have an even further complication for any potential Z7III.
So what other hardware changes could Nikon make? Not many I can imagine. Indeed, the number one hardware change Zf users might want comes in the FTZ adapter, not the camera (e.g. screw-drive and full AI support). Most of the other things I can conjure up are cosmetic.
Let's face it, the Zf sits oddly in the Nikon lineup. Theoretically, the primary lineup fully updated would go Z30II, Z50II, Z5II, Z6III, Z7III, Z8, Z9. The Zf currently sits in the pricing position near where a Z5II would be. The Zf works in the current lineup because of the discounting on the Z5 and the push upwards in price of the Z6III (and the fact that the Zf appeared before the Z6III). If the ZfII has to co-exist with something at the same price point, then it becomes "buy legacy or buy modern," which splits the sales at that price point into two models, which is R&D inefficient.
At the moment, a ZfII isn't anywhere on my future product radar. The current Zf doesn't seem to be under any pressure from other full frame retro cameras at the moment, so I'd bet that Nikon doesn't have a ZfII on their short-term radar, either.
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Bonus: I keep hearing about a "completely different" design, lower-end model. Call it the Z1. I know this product has been prototyped in some form, but it has not been approved yet by management, to my knowledge. Nikon has a long history of trying to build the infamous "easier to use" high-end camera dating back well into the film era. They even have experience with that in mirrorless (Nikon 1). Nikon also has a long history of failing when they attempt it.
However, one does have to wonder whether the automation we now have coupled with some additional AI might render the controls of an ILC not so necessary (or at least minimized). The problem I see isn't that Nikon wouldn't be able to do the basic engineering of such a camera "right," but that Nikon is not really a consumer-focused company, so I can't fathom them getting the marketing right. For example, I can't see them doing another celebrity promotion as they did with the Nikon 1. I'm not even sure Nikon would know which celebrity that should be (and it would be decidedly different in China, Europe, and the US, complicating the problem). But even at the influencer level, I'm not sure Nikon has the inroads necessary, nor would they be able to react and amplify on that as quickly as Fujifilm did with the X100, for instance.
A Z1 would be at the lower end of Nikon's lineup (~US$1000), whereas management really wants progress on the upper end, where they see the margins and returns being higher. Whereas that higher end is mostly understandable and rationalized (Z6III, Z8, and Z9, with a wait on what a Z7III means), the lower end is a bit of a mess (Z30, Z50II, Z5, Zfc, Zf) because it's two different generations with two different styles. Adding a Z1 would contribute to the mess, not solve it.
The Z9 Generation Key Differences
In answering a question this weekend—sadly to someone who lost their home and cameras to the LA fires and now needs to replace gear—I realized that I haven't capsulized the way the Z9 generation cameras really differ where it might matter. Here's a quick table to try to fix that problem:
Pluses | Minuses | |
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Z50II | Smallest size Lightest weight Built-in flash Price! |
20mp DX Mode dial UI Worst EVF Single slot (SD) No weatherproofing Moderately high rolling shutter Lowest battery life No vertical grip option 4K H.265 video (60P cropped) No sensor VR 1/4000 top shutter speed No MC-DC2 connector |
Z6III | Smallish size Modest weight Best EVF 6K raw video |
24mp Modest AA filter Lower DR at base to gain ISO Mode dial UI Mixed slots (CFe, SD) Moderate rolling shutter |
Z8 | 45mp 8K raw video Little rolling shutter 1/32000 top shutter Fullest feature set Mode button UI Fully weatherproof |
Mixed slots (CFe, SD) Largish size Higher weight |
Z9 | 45mp 8K raw video Little rolling shutter 1/32000 top shutter Mode button UI Built-in GPS Built-in vertical grip Huge battery capacity Matching slots (CFe) Fully weatherproof |
Largest size Heaviest weight Missing HEIF, couple of others |
I've left the Zf out, as it's just a completely different kind of design and at the moment stands alone in its differences. For most things in the table, the Zf slots between the Z50II and the Z6III, as you might expect from the price.
What's remarkable in the four cameras shown above, though, is how close they come in both features and customization, which means that each is a fine stand-in (backup) for the next higher level. I find it relatively easy to move between these four cameras, as the menus, features, and customizations all are (surprisingly for once) consistent. Where a feature or customization isn't available on one of these four, it often is because it's not supported by hardware (e.g. multiple slot configuration is not something you find on a Z50II, 8K video can't be done on the 24mp Z6III). There are a couple of oddities that aren't included in one model or another, but these are rare and often have workarounds.
One thing not in the above table is the Rear LCD. The bottom two models (Z50II, Z6III) have fully articulating (swinging) screens, the top two models (Z8, Z9) have dual-axis tilting screens. As you might guess from price, the Z50II has a lower dot count and brightness than the other three.
For what it's worth, this is the first time since the D1h, D1x, and D100 that we've had reasonably consistent UI and closely matching feature sets in the primary bodies from bottom to top. Once we got to the D2 generation, Nikon started making bigger and bigger deviations as they expanded the consumer and prosumer lines, though we did get some higher end "pairings" that were relatively consistent (e.g. D300, D3, D700, or the later D500, D850, D5).
So what's missing? The Z5 and Z7 joining this Z9 generation consistency. I fully expect the Z5 to do that at some point, but I'm less sure about a Z7III, as it just becomes a lower cost Z8. It seems to me that the Z8II has to appear (with new abilities/features) before a Z7III makes sense.
Nikon Has Added to the Self Support System
Since Nikon keeps adding to their self-service manuals, I've added pages for cameras/accessories and lenses that tell which products have manuals. Some parts are available from NikonUSA (currently 1683), but note that for truly serious internal repairs, you sometimes need access to "core" components, which aren't always available here in the US.
This is truly "void your warranty" territory and not for the faint hearted. Moreover, if you don't have a set of JIS screwdrivers or don't know what that means, you probably shouldn't even contemplate repairs on your own.
After completely scorching NikonUSA years ago when they basically closed off all third-party repairs and stopped selling parts, I have to commend them for visibly re-entering the fray (though some of that is motivated by right-to-repair laws that have come into effect).
Other site note: now that we have over 100 mount adapters, I've highlighted the ones that are autofocus on my Z-mount adapter page.
Is One of Nikon's Problems Just Names?
As many of you know I've been working on a book about Nikon JPEG use (it’s going to be well into 2025 before it appears, so please don't pepper me with questions of "when?").
One thing that's come up in my research with users about JPEG use is that many prefer Fujifilm if JPEG files are what they are always creating. When I press these users on this, it turns out that this is partly because Fujifilm uses film names for their JPEG looks: e.g. Provia, Velvia, Astia, Classic Chrome, etc. Nikon's naming is a much more generic Auto, Standard, Neutral, Landscape, etc.
Moreover, Fujifilm's current cameras can display a full page of information about each look as you scroll through them:
Setting aside for the moment that I don't find any of Fujifilm's film simulations accurate to the way the named films depict a scene, doing things by using film names has two positive impacts for users: (1) it reaffirms the reason why they might want to use a simulation; and (2) for those who used film in the past, it matches the way they used to pick what they were using.
You might think this is a subtle difference, but consider Nikon's Picture Control naming for a moment, specifically Standard, Neutral, Landscape, Portrait, and Vivid. What if you're not photographing a landscape or a portrait, which Picture Control do you use and why? You seem to be left with the names Standard, Neutral, and Vivid to choose from, and no additional information to help you!
Things get worse with the twenty Nikon Creative Picture Controls (Dream, Morning, Pop, Sunday, etc.). Basically you're on your own, and I hope you read the manual or my book on your camera and paid careful attention to the words we used in describing those Picture Controls (tip: I use more words than Nikon, and I display the same scene with each Picture Control in my books to give you an accurate visual reference).
What I've found with a number of Nikon users is a form of analysis paralysis: the words don't give them enough information to make a useful decision, so they punt and just set Auto hoping it will do the "right thing."
Let me cut to the cheat sheet: most of the film simulations and Picture Controls differ mostly in two specific things: contrast and saturation. So let me offer you some crude not-quite-equivalents (these do the same basic things, but not by exactly the same amounts):
- Baseline: Fujifilm Provia, Nikon Standard
- Turn it up to 11: Fujifilm Velvia, Nikon Vivid
- Dial it down: Fujifilm Eterna, Nikon Neutral
The problem with both Fujifilm and Nikon is that their other choices fall in between the above in some not-always consistent or easy to describe way. The Fujifilm Pro Neg and Astia choices all take out contrast, and the Pro Neg choices also takes out saturation. There's also nothing between Provia and Velvia in the Fujifilm Contrast/Saturation chart. With Nikon, we've got Landscape in between Standard and Vivid.
Nikon unfortunately removed the function in their cameras that used to tell us how each Picture Control plotted in terms of contrast and saturation, including how far you could vary it with the sub-parameters. Now they've gone the opposite direction and, with the new Flexible Picture Controls you can create using your computer, give Z50II and Z6III users an overwhelming array of control in this regard. (If you want to see what the strange Recipes—pre-made Flexible Picture Controls by an odd assortment of creators—provides, scroll all the way to the bottom of the Nikon Japan page for Flexible Picture Controls where it says Picture Control Simulator, and click on one of the circular buttons below the sample pictures. Way to bury information, Nikon. But thanks for helping prove my point. ;~)
If you look carefully, you can see engineers trying to do the right thing, but the product marketing folk completely at a loss for how to describe and promote it, plus then removing the thing that allowed us to begin understanding what is happening. Thus, it all comes back to words, and we don't have many, so it's unclear what you do when the word doesn't match what you're photographing. For travel photography, for instance, should you use Standard, Neutral, Landscape, or Vivid? If there's a person in the image do we absolutely need to use Portrait? And what does Rich Tone Portrait do?
So what's happening with my upcoming book on using JPEGs is this: part of it is turning into a dissertation on matching Picture Controls to intent.
Fortunately, there's a practical workaround, and of all things, the best version of this just appeared on the Nikon Z50II via its Picture Control button: (1) tap the button, (2) now looking at your scene use the dial to select which Picture Control looks best (you can also use the Front Command dial or Direction pad to select sub-parameters, all while still viewing the scene you're trying to capture).
If you don't have a Z50II, you can do something similar: (1) tap the I button, (2) navigate to Set Picture Control and select it (OK button), (3) use the Direction pad to select a Picture Control and other adjustments as you view the scene. One difference compared to the Z50II besides the extra steps: you see less of the scene this way, as the on-screen control structure takes up a more significant portion of the display.
Tip: In my presentation on Black Friday I did a very brief demonstration of how Flexible Picture Controls are useful to the wildlife photographer (for when they use pre-release capture). What I didn’t say is this: on that Z50II I can disable Picture Controls I’m not interested in. Meaning that I can more quickly navigate to one of my predefined ones using that Picture Control button. Hopefully Nikon sees how useful this is and adds this small change (ability to remove Picture Controls from choices) to the other cameras.
What happened to older content? Well, it's now in one of the archive pages, below: